10 Ways to Speed Up Google Chrome on PC or Mac

10 Ways to Speed Up Google Chrome on PC or Mac

Google Chrome is the most used laptop browser in the world and rightly so, as it’s additionally one of the most characteristic wealthy browsers. However, it is additionally notorious for eating up resources shortly and slowing down your computer; specifically if it’s an older machine. Chances are, if you are a power user, you may additionally no longer be satisfied with the performance Chrome has to offer. 

Whatever your motive is; if you are searching to speed up Google Chrome then there are more than one tweaks to supply Google’s browser a pace boost. Today, we will show you 10 easy yet high quality methods to speed up Chrome: 

1. Remove Unnecessary Extensions:

Let’s start with some thing basic; many of the Chrome extensions work in the heritage to furnish their services. In the process, they devour up a lot of system’s sources as they do their job. So, if you have too many extensions enabled on Chrome, they should without difficulty be the reason of bad overall performance on Chrome. You ought to either disable or delete all the extensions that you don’t use anymore.

To do so, click on the hamburger menu at the top proper corner of Chrome and then click on on “More tools”. After that, click on “Extensions” from the aspect menu. 

Now you have to be directed to the extensions web page where all your extensions will be listed. To disable an extension, click on the “Checkbox” next to it. If you would like to completely get rid of the extension, then click on on the “Trash can” icon next to it. We will also suggest you to disable extensions that you don’t use frequently, so that they are available when you want them again.

2. Enable Chrome Prefetch

Chrome makes use of a prediction service to try and guess what links and pages you might also click next and robotically masses them in the background, so that the pages load up quickly. Of course, this makes use of more information but it additionally makes shopping considerably fast.
To enable Chrome prefetch, go to “Settings” from the Chrome hamburger menu and click on on “Show advanced options” at the bottom of the page.

Here, Tick the checkbox next to the option “Use a prediction service to load pages more quickly” under the “Privacy” heading. You should disable this feature if you have a limited internet plan.

3. Use Chrome Data Saver

Google Chrome can use Google servers to compress net pages to make them quicker to load and also use much less bandwidth. If you have a gradual connection with restrained data, then this may want to be a existence changer for you. However, this is not a built-in Chrome feature, rather Google offers a Chrome extension of its personal that you can install in Chrome.

You can install Data Saver extension for Chrome and it will automatically start compressing net pages as you browse the web. Although it ought to be stored in idea that the extension doesn’t work on encrypted internet pages; the one with “https” at the start of the address.

4. Make Flash Plugins Click to Load

Numerous websites use flash content like videos, commercials and different kind of interactive content. Such content material is on the whole very heavy and it may sluggish down a page. I, actually discover movies between content material and interactive quizzes (and comparable plugins) on the side to be very distractive and I am certain many will agree with me. Well, you can make sure that the flash content solely masses up when you click on on it, so that your bandwidth is saved, distractions are minimum and Chrome works smoothly.

To do that, go to Chrome’s Advanced Settings like above and click on “Content Settings” in the “Privacy” heading.

Now, scroll down and pick out the option “Let me pick when to run plugin content” under the “Plugins” section. Once done, on every occasion a plugin or flash content appears on a page, it will solely play when you click on on it.

5. Disable Images

This isn’t a recommended solution, however if you can stay with it then it could be extraordinarily beneficial. You can disable pics in Chrome and all the photographs on the internet pages will not load. Although photos make a internet web page eye-catching and greater informative, they are additionally very heavy and are the motive why certain web pages take a lot of time to load. If you are only searching to examine something, you can disable the photographs and without difficulty speed up web page loading time.


To disable photographs in Chrome go to the same “Content Settings” web page like we did in the above tip. Here, select the alternative “Do not show any images” underneath the “Images” section.

6. Clear Chrome Data

Chrome might also turn out to be slow due to too a lot records it is holding, such as cookies, cached content material and searching history. If you haven’t deleted this data for pretty some time, then it ought to be the cause for the slow down.

Go to “History” from the Chrome hamburger menu or by way of pressing Ctrl+H, and click on the “Clear browsing data” button at the top.

Now, you check the checkbox subsequent to the specific data you would like to delete and click on the “Clear browsing data” button to delete the data. We will no longer endorse you to delete passwords and autofill form data, as they are very essential for each day browsing and additionally don’t put any considerable stress on the browser.

Chrome Experimental Features

The are additionally some Chrome Experimental Features that can appreciably enhance the overall performance of Chrome and speed it up. However, these elements are now not reliable and may not be secure on all the machines. Although in most instances they work simply satisfactory without any substantive poor effect. If any of these experimental elements negatively have an effect on your searching experience, then you ought to revert the modifications you made.


To get entry to these features, type “chrome://flags” in the address bar and hit enter. After that use the “Find” feature (Ctrl+F) to discover the experimental elements that we have stated below:

7. Change Tile Height and Width

You can modify tile height and width to allocate extra RAM to it. This will allow better scrolling and least stuttering whilst the usage of Chrome browser. However, it need to solely be adjusted if you have adequate RAM for Chrome; 4GB should work just fine.

Type “Default tile” in the Find dialog and you have to see each Default tile width and height options. Use the drop down menus under them and alternate it from “Default” to 512. You can allocate more or less, however 512 work satisfactory for most people.

8. Enable Experimental canvas features

This is an under development characteristic that allows Chrome to take benefit of canvases to speed up web page loading speed. Simply put, it can also eliminate specific types of content material while opening a web page. However, the modifications won’t be seen to the users – however it’s there.

Search for “Experimental canvas features” and click on the “Enable” button under it, to allow this feature.

9. Enable Fast tab/window close

This is some other available characteristic that permits Chrome to rapidly close tabs and home windows to make it work fast. In actual, Chrome simply indicates you that it has closed the tab/window quickly, however the closing technique continues in the background. This means Chrome is now not really speeding up the tab closing process, alternatively it is simply hiding it from you and stopping it from getting in your way. In practice, this does speed up your browsing due to the fact at your end, you don’t have to wait for a 2nd as the tab closes.

Search for “Fast tab/window close” and click on the “Enable” button below to turn on this feature.

10. Enable QUIC protocol

A work in development connection protocol created with the aid of Google that prevents a couple of journeys to the server to create a connection. This makes it higher than UDP, as much less journeys to make a connection means much less time spent to create a connection and load the page. Usually, at least 2-3 journeys are made earlier than a connection is created with the server.

Search for the option “Experimental QUIC protocol” and use the drop down menu under it to allow it.

Once these experimental elements are enabled, you will have to restart Chrome to let these modifications take effect. Click on the big “RELAUNCH NOW” button at the bottom of the display screen to relaunch Chrome and see if it speeds up.

See Any Difference in Chrome’s performance?

The aforementioned methods have to be sufficient to at least create a significant difference in Chrome speed. I consider disabling photographs and permitting plugins to solely play when allowed are brilliant methods to get a rapid enhance in web page loading speed. However, each of these techniques will have an effect on your browsing experience. It have to also be stored in mind that the experimental elements defined above should also gradual down web page loading speed for some human beings (very rare) and if this happens; simply set the preferences to defaults.

Well, if you be aware of any other approaches to speed up Chrome, do share with us in the comments area below to assist other users.

source: http://beebom.com/speed-up-google-chrome-pc-mac/

BEST SEO GUIDE

SEO GUIDE

This is a proven guide to rank your website in top 10 search list of your targeted keywords: Google, Bing, Yahoo, DuckDuckgo, Yandex etc. These tricks and tips will increase organic traffic to 100000 per month. After reading this whole guide you will be a seo master and last but not the least you will save a lot of money for making others do seo for you.

This guide will be of 5 Parts:

Part 1: SEO (Search Engine Optimization)

Part 2: SMO (Social Media Optimization)

Part 3: Google Adwords

Part 4: Google Adsense (How to earn free money from advertisements).

Part 5: List of all free tools for completing the above tasks.

PART – 1 SEO (Search Engine Optimization)

Chapter 1: A good start with best Keywords.

Chapter 2: Avoiding crawling problems in search engines.

Chapter 3: How to create awesome landing pages for robots and people?

Chapter 4: How to build best links?

Chapter 5: SEO gems

Chapter 6: List of proven free tools to analyze your website SEO.

Let’s start…. Today you will read only CHAPTER-1 for CHAPTER-2 you have to wait for 10 more days from the date of publishing CHAPTER-1.

Before I start to describe SEO techniques, I would like you to walk through what is SEO and Digital Marketing.

Digital Marketing: Digital marketing is an umbrella term for the advertising and marketing of merchandise or offerings the usage of digital technologies, basically on the Internet, but also consisting of cell phones, show advertising, and any different digital medium.

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_marketing

SEO(Search Engine Optimization): Search engine optimization is a combination of strategies, techniques and methods used to enlarge the quantity of site visitors to a internet site through acquiring a high-ranking placement in the search results web page of a search engine together with Google, Bing, Yahoo and different search engines.

Source: www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SEO.html

CHAPTER 1:

Before reading this chapter I assume that you have the following things ready:

• You have a website 
• And you are determined to build a big community and want to earn more money. 

Now here you go “A guide just for you to do that”

1.1) the very first thing you must know is no keyword no seo. 

Any keywords won’t work for you, for that we have to work a little out. We have to first find out what is your website is about.

Eg: I want to buy gaming laptop and for that I make a query in Google “gaming laptop”. Now, if I see your site at the top result of search engine result page it means you rank #1 for your keyword “gaming laptop.” Also it means that I would definitely visit your site and buy from it, rather than from a competitor’s site that has #4 ranking for the same keyword.

1.1.1 Types of keywords 

Before we start making list of keyword let me make you go through with keyword jargons:(i)Informational: (eg: Samsung, apple, Adidas, skullcandy).

(ii)Transactional: (eg: Samsung laptops discount, best quality affordable shoes, leather jacket, best nonveg restaurant delhi, best seo blog, awesome music collection online, snapdeal summer sale, ladies earings good quality, best quality formals.)

If any user is searching with keyword “Samsung” you can’t say that what his intention is. He may be looking for just about company information from Wikipedia or checking range of samsung products etc. Most likely right now he don’t want to buy anything.

Now if we see the keyword “Samsung laptops discount” you can be pretty sure that this user really want to buy Samsung laptop.

1.2 Important points to be kept in mind before making keywords: 

(i) There are two types of keywords:

Short tail (1, 2 words) eg: shoes, leather shoes, canon camera, leather jackets, marriage ideas.

Long Tail (3, 4 words) eg: men black shoes, men brown leather shoes, awesome music collection online, snapdeal summer sale, ladies earings good quality, best quality formals 

(ii) Don’t exceed more than 4 words, it will lower your rank in search engines.

(iii) There are three types to categorize keywords for sorting out the best ones for your website, they are as follows:

Green Keywords: These are those keywords which your competitors use to rank in top 10 in search engines

Yellow keywords: These are your new invented keywords but are also in use with the competitors. Build your keywords too but don't go away from the league.

Red Keywords: Which are less in use but these are just in case if you want to use in future.

(iv) Now prepare an excel sheet for the same

Below is an excel sheet with green and yellow keywords:-

You will notice here in Page 1 first green key word is “wedding ideas” and in yellow keyword again the word “wedding” is getting repeated and same I have done with Page 2,3,4 respectively.

Instead of Page1, Page2………Page5 write your category name.
For Sub-category page make another excel sheet.

(v) Here I will give examples on how to prepare keywords for your project in detail.
Your first page is home page ie: The first landing page which the customer visits after typing your domain name in address bar.
We will first make keywords for your home page.

(vi) Home Page: The first landing page.
Keywords: <meta name="keywords" content="art and craft, online shopping india, handicrafts, homedecor, ayurvedic, hookahs buy, men shopping, women shopping, men women jewellery, xyz.com”/>

(vii) CATEGORY: The category pages are the second landing pages. In category you will see the first keyword which I have used is “men shopping” from my home page and after that i have chosen some yellow keyword and stolen competitor keywords and at the end I have mentioned website name.
Example 1: Keywords: <meta name="keywords" content="men shopping, gift for men, men clothes online, men shopping, xyz.com”/>

Example 2: Keywords: <meta name="keywords" content="women shopping, women traditional clothes, gift for women, women clothes, www.xyz.com”/>

(viii) SUB CATEGORY: In subcategory now choose the same keyword from home page and one keyword from category page and remaining your yellow keywords or stolen competitor keywords.

Example 1: Keywords: <meta name="keywords" content="men shopping, gift for men, men Kurta Pyjamas india, buy Kurta Pyjamas online, buy Kurta Pyjamas for Men, xyz.com”/>

Example 2: <meta name="keywords" content="women shopping, gift for women, good quality shawls women, Kashmiri Shawls women, xyz.com.”/>
As you can see from the above examples its like a chain of main keyword from Home page --> To Category page --> To Sub- Category page. Don’t break this chain ever while making keywords for your website pages otherwise you will lose your website ranking.

Make only category and subcategory don’t go for sub-sub category
Incorrect way: Eg: Home Décor --> Wooden Furniture-->Tables (this is not correct it will lower your ranking.)

Correct Way: Eg: Home Décor -->Wooden Furniture. (correct way it will higher your ranking)

(vii) While making keywords consider three things:

• Misspelled keywords.

• your area name for local seo search and

• Country name for global seo search.

Misspelled keywords: Yes, you heard it right “misspelled keywords” no SEO book will ever mention you this and it’s a great way to get new ideas without even using any keyword tool.

Think of misspellings that may occur for the keywords you want to target. People do make mistakes when they type in search terms. And this does happen more often than you might think, believe me.

Want to check it yourself? Type gaurantee in Google. I′ve just checked and found 2,720,000. Those are the smart guys! Or even better, try sports equiptment. Brings 7,390,000 results! So as you see, people do misspell words, use them on their sites, optimize for them and get a good portion of traffic.

Now come on, let′s make a "Welcome" sign for all absent–minded guys: use a couple of misspellings on your site — and you′ll get your portion of traffic.

So keep misspelled keywords, since if you misspell them, others might do the same and find exactly your page. And, for the time being, just put misspellings on your list.

Localizing keywords: It′s sometimes very useful to localize your keywords. For instance, a guy from Pune won′t search for simply car wash. He will type in car wash Maharashtra, or even more likely car wash Pune. So if you optimize for a localized term, you′ll get more visitors who want to get what you offer exactly where you offer.

Therefore, if your business location matters, what you have to do now is, create keyword combinations with local names.

eg: best shoes shops pune, best leather shoes India, Best Nonveg restaurant pune,

Global Keyword: Now if you want to flourish your business world wide or in your own country then you have to make keyword with global names.

Eg: Online shopping India, Best e-commerce India, World best seo blog, Wholesale paper dealers india.

(viii) Try to use words like “awesome, original, quality, best, amazing, affordable etc.” while writing keywords. These keywords will give you a good portion of traffic in search engines for your website. Because most of the users type these words to get good quality products.

"Again and Again reminding you dont make more than 5 keywords including website name, city and country name" for category and sub-category page.”

1.3 How to choose keywords: The best shortcut of your life you will experience today!!

This part is very boring but don’t worry I will make it quick and very easy for you.

Eg: You have an e-commerce website with products like electronics, shoes, men & women apparel for that just follow the following steps to choose keywords:

• Go to google.com

• Type a keyword “shoes” and hit enter. You will find a list of e-commerce websites.

• Don't count the website with "Ad" written on left site because that is advertisement.

• The first website is the one which does not has "Ad" written on left side.

• Click on the website and open it and now press "Ctrl+U". You will see another tab opening in the browser with codes. Don't panic if you are not a programmer now,

• Press "Ctrl+F" and type "keywords"

• There you go you will find all the keywords that the top ranking website has used just copy and paste.

The line will look like this:
<meta name="Keywords" content="Mens Footwear Store, Mens Footwear Store Online Shopping"/>

"CLICK ON THE ABOVE IMAGE FOR BEST VIEW"

(ii) If you know any websites which are very famous, just go to their website specially home page and press Ctrl+U and if you want to steal more just go to your desired category page and press Ctrl+U and if you want nuch more click on a particular product and again press Ctrl+U.

(iii) But remember don’t copy un useful keywords which does not make sense, they are big companies with fat wallet to do advertisements for generating traffic. Our motive is to generate organic traffic first(SEO) and then inorganic traffic (advertisement). Just copy good keywords only.

Don't use all the keywords use your imagination also to make keywords of your own. Ask your family members who do online shopping. What are the keywords they are using on search engines to buy products make a list of them seperately.

(iv) For misspelled keywords don't worry, choose people from your friends and family members those who are little weak in English but do online shopping. Ask them what spellings they use to search a particular product.

(v) There are many tools online for selection of keywords just for that I have given a big shortcut for you today, steal your competitor keywords “Copy and use it with brains”. Don’t go for such online tools you will get confused and end up in tears.

Summary:
Congratulations! You have completed Chapter 1 successfully. Now you are well on your way to top.

What you have now is:
A list of carefully selected keywords to optimize your website.

But this is not the end in my chapter 2 i will introduce “What is google spider?” and many other interesting topics. Stay tuned……

Comment in the box below if you encounter any problem i am always there to help you out for free of cost.

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This is time consuming but it’s a one-time effort and if you are not doing it properly God also can’t help you in achieving organic traffic to your blogs and e-commerce websites
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FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS

BEFORE YOU START

You could no longer drive a car besides an grasp of the street network or street signs. Similarly, a full perception of GIS requires some computing background, specifically in topics like operating systems and file management. This blog assumes basic familiarity with PC computing. Anyone who has any experience of word processing, spreadsheets, databases or mapping packages, must be in a position to apply that understanding in a GIS context. The traditional first year undergraduate IT course presented in subject areas like geography, biology, business research or geology is enough for you to cope with the thoughts in this blog. We anticipate that you are acquainted with terms such as hardware and software, and the principal elements of a computer: for example, monitor, keyboard, hard disk drive, CDROM drive, processor and memory. We make no other assumptions – this weblog is written to be available to college students of GIS from any expert or educational background: from archaeology, through biology, commercial enterprise studies, computing, demography, environmental management, forestry, geography, history … and on to zoology. If you prefer to emerge as a GIS expert, you will need to be relaxed with extra superior computing issues, and will have to expand your computing history to consist of competencies in such areas as programming and networks. These troubles are beyond the scope of this blog, however I hope to furnish you with a precious head start and many pointers as to where to proceed your journey. A weblog cannot alternative for hands-on experience in a subject area as realistic as GIS. Therefore, for a fuller perception of GIS I motivate you to join on a course that presents realistic experience of GIS, or to locate a device to use in your personal time.

Chapter 1: What is GIS?

This chapter presents an overview of GIS. It examines what GIS is, what it can do and, in brief, how it works. The chapter begins by looking at the sorts of well-known questions GIS can reply and expands on these with reference to a collection of case research which are then used in the course of the rest of the blog. GIS is then defined, and a range of problems and thoughts associated with its use identified. Much of the material delivered in this chapter will be covered in more detail later in the blog.

Chapter 2: Spatial data

This chapter appears at the big difference between data and information and identifies the three most important dimensions of data (temporal, thematic and spatial). The fundamental characteristics of spatial data are described. A overview of how the usual map-making technique shapes these traits is presented. The three fundamental spatial entity types (points, lines and areas), which form the basic building blocks of most GIS applications, are introduced. Maps and a range of different sources of spatial data are reviewed. Much of the material introduced in this chapter will be covered in more detail later in the blog.

Chapter 3: Spatial data modelling

How do you model spatial form in the computer? This chapter considers in detail how the primary spatial entities (points, lines and areas) can be represented the use of two specific approaches: raster and vector. Two different entity types that enable the modelling of more complicated spatial features (networks and surfaces) are introduced. Finally, modelling of three and four-dimensional spatial data is reviewed. Much of the material introduced in this chapter will be covered in more detail later in the blog.

Chapter 4: Database management

This chapter introduces the strategies available for managing attribute information in GIS. The need for formal techniques for database administration is discussed. The concepts and implementation of a relational database model are considered in detail, because this model is the most frequently used in modern-day GIS. Database alternatives for large-scale users are presented, consisting of the use of centralized and distributed database systems. Finally, a short introduction to the object-oriented strategy to database management is provided. Much of the material introduced in this chapter will be covered in more detail later in the blog.

Chapter 5: Data input and editing

This chapter offers an overview of the technique of developing an integrated GIS. It takes us from source data via data encoding, to editing and on to manipulatory operations such as re-projection, transformation, and rubber sheeting. The chapter offers examples of how these techniques are carried out, and highlights problems pertinent to the successful implementation of a GIS application. Much of the material introduced in this chapter will be covered in more detail later in the blog.

Chapter 6: Data analysis

Methods for making measurements and performing queries in GIS are delivered in this chapter. Proximity, neighbourhood and reclassification functions are outlined, then techniques for integrating data using overlay functions explained. Interpolation techniques (used for the prediction of information at unknown locations) are delivered and the analysis of surfaces and networks considered. Finally, analysis of quantitative data is reviewed. Much of the material introduced in this chapter will be covered in more detail later in the blog.

Chapter 7: Analytical modelling in GIS

This chapter offers a summary of process models before considering how they can be carried out in GIS. These models are then approached from an applications perspective, and three examples are examined: physical process models; human process models and decision-making models. To conclude, the chapter considers some of the advantages and disadvantages of using GIS to assemble spatial process models. Much of the material introduced in this chapter will be covered in more detail later in the blog.

Chapter 8: Output: from new maps to enhanced decisions

An understanding of the fundamental concepts of map design is necessary for the effective communication of information and ideas in map form. In addition, an understanding of the complexity of the map design process helps understanding of the power of maps as a visualization tool. This chapter considers the benefits and risks of cartographic and non-cartographic output. In the conclusion to this chapter there is a brief discussion of the role of GIS output in helping decision making. Much of the material introduced in this chapter will be covered in more detail later in the blog.

IN SUMMARY

I hope that after you have read this blog, you will have the information and enthusiasm to begin making use of GIS in the context of your personal course, discipline or organization. Whilst the textual content will no longer have taught you how to drive a particular GIS product I hope that it will provide you an understanding of the concepts on which GIS are based, the techniques they use and the applications to which they can be put. In addition, the blog have to provide you an understanding of some of the difficulties and issues related with setting up any GIS project. You can click on Chapter's link to get more details. I hope you enjoy the blog!

(Source: An Introduction to Geographical Information System Third Edition)

Remote Sensing - Technology and Applications

What is Remote Sensing?

Remote Sensing is the science of acquiring, processing and interpreting images that record the interaction between electromagnetic energy and matter. (Sabins, 1996)

Remote Sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation. (Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994).

Why Remote Sensing?

Remote Sensing Concepts:

Electromagnetic Spectrum:

The Electromagnetic Spectrum represents a continuum of electromagnetic radiation arranged on the basis of wavelength or frequency. Electromagnetic spectrum ranges from shorter wavelengths (gamma rays and x-rays) to the longer wavelengths (microwave and radio waves)

Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation:

Type of Remote Sensing with respect to wavelength regions:

Energy Interaction with Atmosphere:

• Scattering
• Absorption
• Refraction

Energy Interaction with Earth Surface:

• Radiation
• Reflection
• Transmission & Absorption
• Earth’s Emission

Stages in Remote Sensing Process:

• Energy Source 
• Energy Interaction with the atmosphere 
• Interaction 
• Recording of Energy by Sensor 
• Data Transmission and Processing 
• Image Processing and Analysis 
• Applications

Trends in Application:

Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture:

• Crop health monitoring 
• Command area management 
• Land degradation 
• Watershed management 
• Crop Acreage estimation & Forecasting 
• Agro-Climatic Information System

IMAGE INTERPRETATION

IMAGE INTERPRETATION

What is Image Interpretation?

“The examination of images for the purpose of identifying objects and judging their significance.”  By Philipson, 1997.

The data (image) generated by Remote Sensing Sensors have to be interpreted / analyzed to generate meaningful information by using;
•Experience
•Structured

Photo / Image Interpretation is used as a Powerful Scientific Tool such as;

1. The Aerial / Regional perspective
2. Three-dimensional depth perception
3. Knowledge beyond our human visual perception
4. Historical records for proof

The Aerial / Regional perspective:

• For Military Reconnaissance
• For Peaceful Earth Resource Scientific Investigation

Precautions

• Interpreting Vertical Imagery
• Interpreting Oblique Imagery

Human line of sight on the ground is usually less than a kilometer.

Three Dimensional Depth Perception

• Aerial Photographs
• Images (Satellite Sensors)

The Stereoscopic analysis process usually exaggerates the height or depth of the terrain, allowing us to appreciate very subtle differences in object height and terrain slope and aspect that we might never appreciate from a terrestrial vantage point.

Obtaining Knowledge Beyond our Human Visual Perception

Measure the activity of X-rays, Ultraviolet, Near-infrared, Middle-infrared, Thermal-infrared, Microwave, Radio-wave Energy.

 Thermal Imagery

 Laser Imagery

Historical records for proof

Basic Principles

A) Images and Their Interpretability:

Images can be interpreted by following patterns; 

• A pictorial presentation of the pattern of a Landscape.
• Pattern is composed of indicators of objects and events that relate to the physical, biological and cultural components of the landscape.
• Type of amount extracted is proportional to the knowledge, skill and experience of the analyst, the methods used for interpretation and the analyst’s awareness.

B) Sequence of Activities:

• Detection selectively picking out an object or element of importance for the particular kind of interpretation in hand.
• Recognition and Identification by means of specific or local knowledge.
• Analysis process of separating or delineating a set of similar objects.
• Deduction directed to the separation of different groups of objects or elements and the deduction of their significance based on converging evidence
• Classification establishes the identity of a surface or an object delineated by analysis
• Idealization refers to the process of drawing or standardized representations of what is actually seen.

C) Methods of Search and Sequence of Interpretation:

• Fishing expedition an examination of each and every object so as not to miss anything.
• Logical Search quick scanning and selective intensive study.

D) Elements of Image Interpretation: (By Olson, 1960)

1. Primary Elements: Tone, Color
2. Secondary Elements: Size, Shape, Texture
3. Tertiary Elements: Pattern, Height, Shadow
4. Higher Elements: Site, Association

E) Interpretation Keys:

Scope of Image Interpretation Keys:

• An Item Key concerned with the identification of an individual object or condition.
• A Subject Key a collection of item keys concerned with the identification of principal objects or conditions within a given subject category.
• A Regional Key a compilation of items or subject keys dealing with the identification of objects or conditions characteristics of a particular region.
• An Analogous Area Key a subject or regional key which has been prepared for an accessible area and which by interpretation may be used in the interpretation of objects or conditions in inaccessible areas which exhibit similar characteristics.

Technical Level Image Interpretation Keys:

• A Technical Key one prepared for use by image interpreters who have had professional or technical training or experience in the subject concerned.
• A Non-Technical Key one prepared for use primarily by image interpreters who have not had professional or technical training or experience in the subject concerned.

Intrinsic Character of Image Interpretation Keys:

• A Direct Key is a designed primarily for the identification of discrete objects or conditions directly discernible on image.
• An Association Key is one designed primarily for the deduction of information not directly discernible on images.

Manner of Organization or presentation of Image Interpretation Keys:

a) Selective Keys:

• An Essay Key is one where objects or conditions are described in textural form using images for illustrations only.
• A File Key is an item key composed of one or more selected images, with notes concerning their interpretation –Individual Interpreter.
• A Photo Key is an item key composed of one or more selected images, together with notes concerning their interpretation, assembled for rapid reproduction and distribution to other interpreters.
• An Integrated-selective Key is one which images are recognition features for any individual object or condition. Within a subject or regional key, are so associated that by reference to the appropriate portion of the key the object or condition can be identified.

b) Elimination Keys:

• A Disk key selected images recognition features are grouped or arranged on one or more disks so that, when the recognition features are properly aligned, all but one object or condition of the group under consideration is eliminated from view
• A Punch Card Key one in which selected image recognition features are arranged in groups on separate punch cards, When the properly selected cards are superimposed upon a coded base, all but one object or condition of the subject group under consideration is eliminated from view
• A Dichotomous Key is one in which the graphic or word description assumes the form of a series of pairs of contrasting characteristics which permit progressive elimination of all but one object or condition of the subject group under consideration

Problems in Image Interpretation

1. Atmospheric Haze
2. Shadow Area
3. Clouds
4. Snow

Cloudy Image

Atmospheric Haze